Garlic Extract Reverses Ischemic Heart Disease in Female Rats Exposed to Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills

Abstract Background Garlic is an herbal medicinal plant with several pharmacological properties used for the management of various ailments. However, its potential in the reversal of ischemic heart disease induced by combined oral contraceptive pills is not well reported. Objective This study investigated the cardioprotective potential of aqueous garlic extract against cardiotoxicity induced by oral contraceptive pills. Methods Forty-six rats were used for this study. Six were used to determine the lethal dose (LD50), and 40 rats were divided randomly into 5 groups of 8 rats each. Group A received feed and distilled water. Group B received 0.6 mg/kg of oral contraceptive pills. Group C received 500 mg/kg of garlic extract. Group D received 0.6 mg/kg of oral contraceptive pills + 500 mg/kg garlic extract. Group E received 0.6 mg/kg of oral contraceptive pills + 700 mg/kg garlic extract. The animals were sacrificed, and blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results The acute toxicity dose of combined oral contraceptive pills was 1.5 mg/kg for albino rats. Combined oral contraceptive pills induced ischemic necrosis as revealed by the photomicrographs, in addition to elevation of serum cardiac troponin-1, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and malondialdehyde levels. Treatment with garlic extract demonstrated significant reduction in cardiac troponin-1 (p = 0.000), lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.002), creatine kinase (p = 0.001), and malondialdehyde (p = 0.001) levels, as well as restoration of the cardiac cytoarchitecture changes caused by the combined oral contraceptive pills. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that aqueous garlic juice can reverse ischemic heart disease, lessen cytoarchitectural alterations of the heart caused by combined oral contraceptive pills, and thus ameliorate cardiac dysfunction.

Synergetic Influence of Some Tropical Leaf Meals and Garlic on the Haemato-biochemical Parameters and Antioxidant Activities of Weaner Pigs

Aim: This experiment was designed to study the effects of using garlic-composite leaf meals produced from four (4) different leaves and garlic: bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), scent leaf (Ocimum gatissimum), Neem leaf (Azadirachta indica), Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) and Garlic (Allium sativum) as a premix in the diets of growing pigs. The leaves and garlic were air dried, milled and sieved separately. Thereafter the leaves and garlic were mixed in the ratio of 4 (Vernonia amygdalina): 3 (Moringa oleifera): 1 (Ocimum gatissimum): 1 (Azadirachta indica) and 1 (Allium sativum) to produce the garlic-composite tropical leaf meals. Individual leaves and their composite mix were analyzed for proximate, mineral, antioxidant and the phytochemical components of the leaves were determined using GCMS and other standard methods. Methodology: Eighteen large white weaner-pigs of eight weeks were allocated in a completely randomized design for this experiment comprising three treatments and three replicates with two pigs per replicate. The average weight of the pigs were 13 kg. Basal diet were formulated and subdivided into three portions in which garlic-composite leaf meals were fed at 0g/kg, 10g/kg, and 20g/kg were used as an additives to the diets of weaner pigs and the diets were designated as I, II and III respectively. The pigs were then assigned to these 3 dietary treatments which were fed to the pigs at 5% of their body weight for 12 weeks experimental period. Water was supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. All data were subjected to analysis of variance. Results: Dietary inclusion of GCLM on haematology, serum biochemistry indices and antioxidants significantly (P<0.05) affected the Packed Cell Volume (%), Mean Corpuscular Volume (fl) Lymphocytes (%), Granulocytes (%), Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L), Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L), Total Protein (g/l) and catalase (Ku) of the experimental pigs. Conclusions: It could be concluded within the limit of this study, that garlic-composite leaf meals had high nutrient potentials for pigs and could completely help growing pigs to improve in body weight as the composite leaf meals increases in pig diets.

Short-term Effects of Garlic-Based Diets on mRNA Expression of Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin-1 Converting Enzyme, and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Cyclosporine-Induced Prehypertensive Rats

The short-term effects of garlic, Allium sativum L., on the mRNA expression of angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in cyclosporine-induced prehypertensive rats were investigated in this work. Seven (7) groups of animals totaling n=7 were created. Prehypertensive (induced with 25mg/kg cyclosporine) and normal rats were given 10% and 20% diets based on garlic for 7 days. Alteration of Na+ and K+ levels, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and ACE, AGT & ANP mRNA expressions were all associated with cyclosporin-induced prehypertension. In rats placed on garlic-based diets, these effects were reversed.

Variations in heterochromatin content reveal important polymorphisms for studies of genetic improvement in garlic (Allium sativum L. ) / Conteúdo de heterocromatina revela polimorfismos importantes para o melhoramento genético do alho (Allium sativum L. )

Abstract Allium sativum L. is an herb of the Alliaceae family with a specific taste and aroma and medicinal and nutraceutical properties that are widely marketed in several countries. Brazil is one of the largest importers of garlic in the world, despite of its production is restricted and limited to internal consumption. Thus, explore the genetic diversity of commercial garlic conserved at germplasm banks is essential to generate additional genetic information about its economically important crop. A suitable tool for this purpose is the cytogenetic characterisation of these accessions. This study aimed to characterise the cytogenetic diversity among seven accessions of garlic from a Germplasm Bank in Brazil. The karyotypes were obtained by conventional staining and with chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorochromes. All accessions analysed showed chromosome number 2n = 16, karyotype formula 6M+2SM, symmetrical karyotypes, reticulate interphase nuclei, and chromosomes with uniform chromatin condensation from prophase to metaphase. The fluorochromes staining showed differences in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along the chromosomes and between accessions studied. Based on the distribution pattern of these small polymorphisms, it was possible to separate the seven accessions into three groups. It was also possible to differentiate some of the accessions individually. One of the results obtained showed a heteromorphic distension of the nucleolar organiser region observed on the chromosome pairs 6 or 7 with peculiar characteristics. It was suggested for example, that the heteromorphic block of heterochromatin (CMA+++/DAPI-) on chromosome 6 of the "Branco Mineiro Piauí" accession can be used as a marker to identify this genotype or may be associated with some character of economic interest.

Resumo Allium sativum L. é uma erva da família Alliaceae com sabor e aroma específicos e propriedades medicinais e nutracêuticas amplamente comercializada em diversos países. O Brasil é um dos maiores importadores de alho do mundo, apesar da sua produção ser restrita e limitada ao consumo interno. Assim, explorar a diversidade genética do alho comercial conservado em bancos de germoplasma é essencial para fornecer informações genéticas adicionais acerca dessa cultura economicamente importante. Uma ferramenta adequada para esse fim é a caracterização citogenética desses acessos. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade citogenética entre sete acessos de alho de um Banco de Germoplasma no Brasil. Os cariótipos foram obtidos por coloração convencional e com os fluorocromos de cromomicina A3 (CMA) e 4,6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (DAPI). Todos os acessos analisados ​​apresentaram número cromossômico 2n = 16, fórmula cariotípica 6M + 2SM, cariótipos simétricos, núcleos reticulados em intérfase e cromossomos com condensação uniforme da cromatina da prófase para a metáfase. A coloração com fluorocromos mostrou diferenças na quantidade e distribuição de heterocromatina ao longo dos cromossomos e entre os acessos estudados. Com base no padrão de distribuição desses pequenos polimorfismos, foi possível separar os sete acessos em três grupos. Também foi possível diferenciar individualmente alguns dos acessos. Um dos resultados obtidos mostrou distensão heteromórfica da região organizadora nucleolar observada nos pares dos cromossomos 6 ou 7 com características peculiares. Foi sugerido, por exemplo, que o bloco heteromórfico de heterocromatina (CMA +++ / DAPI-) no cromossomo 6 do acesso "Branco Mineiro Piauí" pode ser usado como um marcador para identificar esse genótipo ou pode estar associado a algum caráter de interesse econômico.

Variations in heterochromatin content reveal important polymorphisms for studies of genetic improvement in garlic (Allium sativum L) / Conteúdo de heterocromatina revela polimorfismos importantes para o melhoramento genético do alho (Allium sativum L)

Allium sativum L. is an herb of the Alliaceae family with a specific taste and aroma and medicinal and nutraceutical properties that are widely marketed in several countries. Brazil is one of the largest importers of garlic in the world, despite of its production is restricted and limited to internal consumption. Thus, explore the genetic diversity of commercial garlic conserved at germplasm banks is essential to generate additional genetic information about its economically important crop. A suitable tool for this purpose is the cytogenetic characterisation of these accessions. This study aimed to characterise the cytogenetic diversity among seven accessions of garlic from a Germplasm Bank in Brazil. The karyotypes were obtained by conventional staining and with chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorochromes. All accessions analysed showed chromosome number 2n= 16, karyotype formula 6M+2SM, symmetrical karyotypes, reticulate interphase nuclei, and chromosomes with uniform chromatin condensation from prophase to metaphase. The fluorochromes staining showed differences in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along the chromosomes and between accessions studied. Based on the distribution pattern of these small polymorphisms, it was possible to separate the seven accessions into three groups. It was also possible to differentiate some of the accessions individually. One of the results obtained showed a heteromorphic distension of the nucleolar organiser region observed on the chromosome pairs 6 or 7 with peculiar characteristics. It was suggested for example, that the heteromorphic block of heterochromatin (CMA+++/DAPI-) on chromosome 6 of the "Branco Mineiro Piauí" accession can be used as a marker to identify this genotype or may be associated with some character of economic interest.

Allium sativum L. é uma erva da família Alliaceae com sabor e aroma específicos e propriedades medicinais e nutracêuticas amplamente comercializada em diversos países. O Brasil é um dos maiores importadores de alho do mundo, apesar da sua produção ser restrita e limitada ao consumo interno. Assim, explorar a diversidade genética do alho comercial conservado em bancos de germoplasma é essencial para fornecer informações genéticas adicionais acerca dessa cultura economicamente importante. Uma ferramenta adequada para esse fim é a caracterização citogenética desses acessos. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade citogenética entre sete acessos de alho de um Banco de Germoplasma no Brasil. Os cariótipos foram obtidos por coloração convencional e com os fluorocromos de cromomicina A3 (CMA) e 4,6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (DAPI). Todos os acessos analisados apresentaram número cromossômico 2n = 16, fórmula cariotípica 6M + 2SM, cariótipos simétricos, núcleos reticulados em intérfase e cromossomos com condensação uniforme da cromatina da prófase para a metáfase. A coloração com fluorocromos mostrou diferenças na quantidade e distribuição de heterocromatina ao longo dos cromossomos e entre os acessos estudados. Com base no padrão de distribuição desses pequenos polimorfismos, foi possível separar os sete acessos em três grupos. Também foi possível diferenciar individualmente alguns dos acessos. Um dos resultados obtidos mostrou distensão heteromórfica da região organizadora nucleolar observada nos pares dos cromossomos 6 ou 7 com características peculiares. Foi sugerido, por exemplo, que o bloco heteromórfico de heterocromatina (CMA +++ / DAPI-) no cromossomo 6 do acesso “Branco Mineiro Piauí” pode ser usado como um marcador para identificar esse genótipo ou pode estar associado a algum caráter de interesse econômico.

Variations in heterochromatin content reveal important polymorphisms for studies of genetic improvement in garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Abstract Allium sativum L. is an herb of the Alliaceae family with a specific taste and aroma and medicinal and nutraceutical properties that are widely marketed in several countries. Brazil is one of the largest importers of garlic in the world, despite of its production is restricted and limited to internal consumption. Thus, explore the genetic diversity of commercial garlic conserved at germplasm banks is essential to generate additional genetic information about its economically important crop. A suitable tool for this purpose is the cytogenetic characterisation of these accessions. This study aimed to characterise the cytogenetic diversity among seven accessions of garlic from a Germplasm Bank in Brazil. The karyotypes were obtained by conventional staining and with chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorochromes. All accessions analysed showed chromosome number 2n = 16, karyotype formula 6M+2SM, symmetrical karyotypes, reticulate interphase nuclei, and chromosomes with uniform chromatin condensation from prophase to metaphase. The fluorochromes staining showed differences in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along the chromosomes and between accessions studied. Based on the distribution pattern of these small polymorphisms, it was possible to separate the seven accessions into three groups. It was also possible to differentiate some of the accessions individually. One of the results obtained showed a heteromorphic distension of the nucleolar organiser region observed on the chromosome pairs 6 or 7 with peculiar characteristics. It was suggested for example, that the heteromorphic block of heterochromatin (CMA+++/DAPI-) on chromosome 6 of the Branco Mineiro Piauí accession can be used as a marker to identify this genotype or may be associated with some character of economic interest.

Resumo Allium sativum L. é uma erva da família Alliaceae com sabor e aroma específicos e propriedades medicinais e nutracêuticas amplamente comercializada em diversos países. O Brasil é um dos maiores importadores de alho do mundo, apesar da sua produção ser restrita e limitada ao consumo interno. Assim, explorar a diversidade genética do alho comercial conservado em bancos de germoplasma é essencial para fornecer informações genéticas adicionais acerca dessa cultura economicamente importante. Uma ferramenta adequada para esse fim é a caracterização citogenética desses acessos. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade citogenética entre sete acessos de alho de um Banco de Germoplasma no Brasil. Os cariótipos foram obtidos por coloração convencional e com os fluorocromos de cromomicina A3 (CMA) e 4,6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (DAPI). Todos os acessos analisados apresentaram número cromossômico 2n = 16, fórmula cariotípica 6M + 2SM, cariótipos simétricos, núcleos reticulados em intérfase e cromossomos com condensação uniforme da cromatina da prófase para a metáfase. A coloração com fluorocromos mostrou diferenças na quantidade e distribuição de heterocromatina ao longo dos cromossomos e entre os acessos estudados. Com base no padrão de distribuição desses pequenos polimorfismos, foi possível separar os sete acessos em três grupos. Também foi possível diferenciar individualmente alguns dos acessos. Um dos resultados obtidos mostrou distensão heteromórfica da região organizadora nucleolar observada nos pares dos cromossomos 6 ou 7 com características peculiares. Foi sugerido, por exemplo, que o bloco heteromórfico de heterocromatina (CMA +++ / DAPI-) no cromossomo 6 do acesso Branco Mineiro Piauí pode ser usado como um marcador para identificar esse genótipo ou pode estar associado a algum caráter de interesse econômico.

Phytochemical Feed Additives, Garlic, Ginger and Their Mixture on Physical Quality Parameters and Sensory Attributes of Broiler Chicken Meat

The meat quality and sensory attributes of broilers fed diets containing garlic, ginger and their mixtures was determined. Four dietary treatments: T1- no garlic or ginger; T2- garlic only; T3 – ginger only and T4- garlic + ginger respectively were utilized in a completely randomized design (CRD). On the last day of the 70-day feeding and growth trial, 3 birds were decapitated per treatment. The slaughtered birds were singed in warm water, de-feathered, eviscerated, cut into parts and deboned. Meat cuts of about 800g taken from the thigh and breast muscles of each of the representative birds per treatment were tested for meat quality (water holding capacity, cook loss, pH and fat binding capacity) parameters and sensory attributes. The meat parts were later cut into 2.5 cm – 3.0cm pieces and mixed in 0.4% of iodized common salt before boiling in a pot at a cooking temperature above 100oC for 20 minutes. The pieces of the boiled meat were placed according to the four (4) feed treatments. Twelve (12) consumer panelists (6 for the thigh and 6 for the breast muscles respectively) within the age range of 20 – 26 years were used for the sensory evaluation. The meat quality and overall acceptability results depicted by the panelists on the sensory parameters (colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness and toughness) revealed that meat (thigh and breast) of broilers fed T2- garlic only were better preferred by consumers and was recommended.

The Effect of Dietary Supplement on Glutathione Level in Rats

Background: Oxidative stress occurs due to decreased glutathione inside the body. Some supplements may promote and stimulate glutathione production in the liver. This article aims to investigate the impact of different supplements on enhancing glutathione synthesis in rats’ livers. For this purpose 42 rats (male albino) were separated into 7 groups, each including 6 animals with average weights ranging between 150 and 160 g. Group 1 (control) and different groups consumed a basal diet for 8 weeks, whereas group 2 received 500 mg/kg bw of L-cysteine daily. Group 3 received 250 mg/kg bw of methionine, while group 4 got 250 mg/kg of L cysteine plus 125 mg/kg of methionine daily. Spirulina (20 mg/kg bw), turmeric (500 mg/kg bw), and dried garlic (500 mg/kg bw), respectively, were given to groups 5, 6, and 7. Results: Utilizing the various dietary supplements decreased levels of liver function enzymes, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde while enhancing levels antioxidant enzymes of liver, and increased glutathione of kidneys and liver. However, cysteine alone at 500 mg/kg bw decreased glutathione formation in the liver and kidneys. Compared to the amino acid supplements (group 2, 3, 4) used, spirulina, turmeric, and dried garlic had a significant impact on reducing liver function enzymes, bilirubin, uric acid, creatinine, urea, and malondialdehyde and increasing antioxidant enzymes, and glutathione while turmeric supplement showed the best influence. Using dietary supplements did not result in any pathological modifications in the liver tissues, but there were some unsatisfactory minor alterations. However, group 2 showed considerable pathological developments in the liver tissues. Conclusion: According to the findings, using the suggested dietary supplement except for cysteine alone can promote and encourage glutathione synthesis in different organs, especially the liver, hence alleviating the effects of oxidative stress associated with several illnesses.

Inhibition Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract on Streptococcus sanguinis Biofilm Formation Involving Bacterial Motility Mechanism

@#Introduction: Streptococcus sanguinis is a primary colonizer in oral biofilm formation, often implicated in infective endocarditis. Methods to control oral biofilm formation are yet to be developed. Garlic (Allium sativum) has shown antimicrobial activities against many pathogen species. We sought to observe the potential of garlic extract to inhibit bacterial adherence to hydroxyapatite (HA) discs as a model of the tooth surface. Methods: Susceptibility of S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 to garlic extract was examined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test using broth microdilution method. For bacterial adherence assay, saliva-coated HA discs were incubated with various concentrations of extract then stimulated with S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 suspension. Adherent bacteria were stained with 0.1% crystal violet and measured at 595 nm using a microplate reader. A qualitative method to test bacterial motility was performed using Motility Indole Ornithine (MIO) medium. Results: The result of minimum inhibitory concentration test showed that MIC value for garlic ethanolic extract was at a concentration of 625 μg/ml. Moreover, garlic extract inhibited bacterial adherence to HA discs starting at concentration of 62.5 μg/ml. The inhibition of bacterial motility can be observed, indicated as limited the diffused growth of bacteria closer to the inoculating line. Observation using SEM confirmed these results. Conclusion: This present study suggest that garlic extract has the ability to inhibit S. sanguinis adherence to HA discs involving inhibition of bacterial motility, with the optimal concentration being 500 µg/ml.

Effect of Garlic on Soil Environment and Yield of Continuous Cropping and Rotation of Angelica sinensis Under Membrane Cultivation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the change of soil environment and yield of <italic>Angelica sinensis </italic> when cultivated on the film side and and open field sides，and to explore the influence of garlic volatiles and film-side cultivation on continuous cropping <italic>A. sinensis</italic>，so as to provide some certain theoretical basis for the saying that the <italic>A. sinensis</italic> garlic intercropping mode and film-side cultivation could alleviate continuous cropping <italic>A. sinensis</italic>. Method:In this study， the effects of garlic on soil environment and yield of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> cultivated on film side and crop rotation were discussed through the determination and analysis of soil microorganism quantity，soil enzyme activity and yield of Angelica sinensis in the rhizosphere of <italic>A. sinensis</italic>. Result:The number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil of <italic>A. sinensis </italic>increased significantly， while the number of fungi decreased significantly. Among them， the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the intercropping of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> and garlic on the film side increased by 104% and 146.89% on average as compared with that of the control （monoculture under continuous cropping open field），and the number of fungi decreased by 39.28% on average as compared with that of control group. When the enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil was significantly increased under the condition of intercropping with garlic on the film side，the soil urease，sucrase，alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities under the intercropping of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> and gralic on the rotation film side were increased by 61.60%，51.09%，203.48% and 76.19% respectively as compared with those in control group. The yield of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> significantly increased under the condition of intercropping with garlic on the film-side，and the yield of Angelica sinensis under the rotation film-side intercropping with garlic increased by 39.37% as compared with that of control group. Conclusion:Under the mode of film-side cultivation，the interplanting of <italic>A. sinensis </italic>with garlic can change the number of soil microorganism，improve the activity of soil enzyme，improve the physical and chemical properties of soil， alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping and guarantee the healthy growth of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> more effectively.

Eficacia de la tintura de ajo al 20% en pacientes asmáticos. Policlínico 13 de Marzo. 2018 -2019 / Efficacy of 20% garlic tincture in asthmatic patients. Polyclinic March 13. 2018 -2019 / Eficácia da tintura de alho a 20% em pacientes asmáticos. Policlínica, 13 de março. 2018-2019

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, con modelo cuasi experimental en los pacientes asmáticos pertenecientes del Policlínico 13 de Marzo, con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia de la tintura de ajo al 20% en el tratamiento intercrisis del Asma Bronquial, en el período comprendido de enero de 2018 a mayo de 2019. El Universo estuvo representado por 88 pacientes asmáticos entre 20-59 años de edad dispensarizados en el consultorio 25. La muestra quedó constituida por 84 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y de exclusión. Los pacientes fueron distribuidos de forma aleatoria, en dos grupos control y experimental, utilizando la tabla de números aleatorios computarizados, en una proporción pareada de 1:1. Se empleó la prueba de diferencia de proporciones para muestras independientes y se trabajó con un nivel de significación p=0,05. Con este proyecto se contribuyó al desarrollo de la medicina natural y tradicional en nuestro país. Se demostró la eficacia de la tintura de ajo en el 97.6 % de los pacientes. Los hombres fueron los más afectados por las crisis y se reportaron 3 efectos adversos de forma leve.

ABSTRACT A prospective study was carried out, with a quasi-experimental model in asthmatic patients belonging to the 13 de Marzo Polyclinic, with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of the 20% garlic tincture in the inter-crisis treatment of Bronchial Asthma, in the period from January from 2018 to May 2019. El universo was represented by 88 asthmatic patients between 20-59 years of age dispensed in the office 25. The sample consisted of 84 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients were randomized into two control and experimental groups, using the table of computerized random numbers, in a paired ratio of 1: 1. The difference of proportions test was used for independent samples and the level of significance was p = 0.05. This project contributed to the development of natural and traditional medicine in our country. The efficacy of garlic tincture was demonstrated in 97.6% of patients. Men were the most affected by the seizures and 3 mild adverse effects were reported.

RESUMO Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, com modelo quase experimental em pacientes asmáticos pertencentes à Policlínica 13 de Marzo, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia da tintura de alho a 20% no tratamento intercrises da Asma Brônquica, no período de janeiro de 2018 a maio de 2019. O El Universo foi representado por 88 pacientes asmáticos entre 20 e 59 anos dispensados ​​em consultório 25. A amostra foi composta por 84 pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos controle e experimental, utilizando a tabela de números aleatórios computadorizados, na proporção pareada de 1: 1. O teste de diferença de proporções foi utilizado para amostras independentes e o nível de significância adotado foi p = 0,05. Este projeto contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da medicina natural e tradicional em nosso país. A eficácia da tintura de alho foi demonstrada em 97,6% dos pacientes. Os homens foram os mais afetados pelas convulsões e três efeitos adversos leves foram relatados.

Potential Anticancer Effects of Aged Garlic Extract and its Water-soluble Organosulfur Compounds

Background: Cancer is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally; it often leads to a steep rise in healthcare expenses. It is a known fact that various dietary ingredients such as aged garlic is an active anticancer agent, and its extracts do not have a strong odor and pungent taste. Purpose: This review summarizes the potential beneficial effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) and its water-soluble organosulfur compounds on the cancer incidences, and in the prevention and improvement of malignancy factors. Methods: The study utilizes systematic reviews on publications of previous studies obtained from scholarly journal databases including PubMed, Medline, Ebsco Host, Google Scholar and Cochrane. The study utilizes secondary information based on the studies conducted in cancer cell lines, animal and humans as there are increasing evidence of the efficacy of AGE and AGE-derived water-soluble organosulfur compounds in cancer and other malignancies. Conclusion and Recommendation: Although animal and laboratory results were mostly consistent, there is variable evidence from human studies. The overall findings suggest that consumption of AGE and AGE-derived organosulfur compounds can offer significant protection against cancer. In our review, we found that there are shortcomings in various studies. Therefore, we recommend that more investigations are necessary to establish whether aged garlic extract could be considered for cancer prevention

Ultrasound-assisted extraction for enhanced retention of physicochemical properties of garlic powder obtained by spray-drying

This work aims to produce garlic powder with the retention of physicochemical properties by using different methods.Garlic is extracted by an ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique to remove the undesired compounds. In this study,garlic powder is incurred through freeze-drying and spray-drying with maltodextrin as a carrier agent. To compare theefficiency of two drying techniques, garlic is dried without maltodextrin. This study is intended to find a techniqueto get garlic powder with the best quality. The physicochemical and microstructural properties of the garlic powderobtained were analyzed and compared. It was found that garlic powder spray-dried with maltodextrin has the highestretention of physicochemical properties compared to those treated with other techniques. Although freeze-driedand spray-dried powder developed without carrier agent could maintain the flavor and color, they failed to hold thestructure and formed into clusters soon after they are exposed to air. Thus, the obtained results showed spray-dryingwith maltodextrin as the best drying technology for the maintenance of its physical and chemical properties.

Herbal Medicine from Single Clove Garlic Oil Extract Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Oxidative Status in High Fat Diet Mice

@#Introduction: High fat diet (HFD) can cause lipid accumulation and contribute to various metabolic disorders. Single clove garlic oil (SCGO) has advantages over regular garlic due to its higher amounts of organosulfide compounds in particular. This study aimed to determine the ability of SCGO extract to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and improve oxidative status by modulating expression of tumour necrosis factor α and superoxide dismutase in mice fed a HFD. Methods: Twenty-four adult male Balb/C mice were divided into six groups: i) normal diet; ii) positive control diet; iii) negative control diet; and iv) HFD with SCGO at 12.5 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg BW); v) HFD with SCGO at 25 mg/kg BW, vi) HFD with SCGO at 50 mg/kg BW. Liver weight and morphology, spleen weight, serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), TNF-α expression in the aorta and lipid profiles were assessed at the end of the experimental period. Results: SCGO treatment was associated with significant decreases in liver and spleen weight as well as amelioration of hepatic steatosis. SCGO treatment also decreased TNF-α levels and expression. Serum levels of SOD in the SCGO groups were significantly increased compared with the negative control group. Lipid profiles were improved in the SCGO treatment groups compared with the negative control group. Conclusion: SCGO as an herbal medicine could be an effective treatment for degenerative disorders caused by HFD.

Efficacy of Garlic Solution (Allium sativum) in Killing of Aedes SP Larva

@#Introduction: Aedes sp can transmit various diseases including dengue fever, chikungunya whose symptoms are almost similar to dengue fever. In the recent times a new case is the virus outbreak of Zika. Many efforts have been made to suppress the density of the vector populations with the control of Aedes sp mosquitoes. One of them is by using vegetable larvicides namely garlic solution (Allium sativum). Methods: This research is a pseudo experiment with posttest design with a control group. The aim of this research study is to know the effectiveness of garlic solution in killing the larva Aedes sp. This research sample is 484 tails that are bred by the researchers themselves. The concentrations used in this study were 0%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% with 5 repetitions. The free variable in this study is the concentration of garlic solution and the bound variable is the larva Aedes sp. Results: The results of the study using one-way ANOVA test (p = 0.001) indicate that there are differences in the larvae deaths between each concentration. Observation by using the Abbot formula at a concentration of 60% it is found to be susceptible in killing of Aedes sp larvae due to the death of larvae at 100%. Conclusion: This means there is a direct relation between the increasing concentration of garlic solution and the number of dead larvae of Aedes sp. So, garlic can be one of the alternatives in vector control that is safe for the environment.

Effect of Living Garlic and Isolated Garlic Sprout on Stress of Continuous Cropping Angelica sinensis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the allelopathic effect of garlic volatiles on Angelica sinensis by studying the allelopathic effect of both living garlicand isolated garlic sprout volatiles on A. sinensis, and provide certain theoretical basis for Angelica garlic interplanting mode to alleviate the stress of continuous cropping A. sinensis. Method:Through the determination and analysis of the growth indexes and leaf protective enzyme system of A. sinensis，the adaptability of A. sinensis to continuous cropping stress and non-continuous cropping stress environment under the influence of the volatiles of living garlic and isolated garlic sprout as well as the mechanism of resistant growth and development were discussed. Result:The overall analysis showed that the growth index and leaf protective enzyme activity of isolated garlic sprout with alleloinductive treatment（DC2）under continuous cropping stress were increased by 17.51% and 48.34% respectively as compared with those under single cropping（CK1）. The growth index and leaf protective enzyme activity of angelica under continuous cropping and intercropping（LC2）were increased by 16.63% and 36.65% as compared with those under monocrop cropping（CK2）. Those indicated that the volatiles of isolated garlic sprout had more significant effect than those of live garlic on alleviating the stress of continuous cropping of A. sinensis. Conclusion:Regardless of the presence of continuous cropping obstacle，appropriate concentrations of living garlic and isolated garlic sprout volatiles had an allelopathic promoting effect on angelica root growth index and leaf protective enzyme activity，and the effect was more obvious in continuous cropping stress conditions，so intercropping garlic has a certain role in alleviating angelica's continuous cropping stress.

Knowledge, Awareness and Attitude Related to Hypertension and Garlic Supplement in an Urban Population (Pengetahuan Kesedaran dan Sikap Berkaitan dengan Hipertensi dan Supplemen Bawang Putih di Kalangan Penduduk Bandar) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Garlic has gained popularity worldwide as a non-pharmacological treatment for hypertension but its use in Malaysia is still moderate. This study was undertaken among Malaysian urban population to assess their knowledge, awareness and attitude towards garlic supplement. This study is a cross sectional study and was carried out from February to May 2015. A total of 202 respondents took part in the study with 45% (n=91) taking garlic supplement. The result demonstrated that there was a significant negative correlation with age and knowledge score (r=-0.15, p=0.03). Majority of the respondents were unaware (n=61/202, 69.8%) that garlic has blood pressure lowering properties. Most preferred conventional medicines (n=119/202, 58.9%) over garlic supplement (n=83/202, 41.1%). However, most of the respondents (n=176/202, 87.1%) were interested to know more about the use of garlic for hypertension. There is no significant correlation between knowledge, awareness and attitude of respondents towards garlic supplement.

A Comparative Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of Garlic And Propolis Extracts Against Candida Albicans With Amphotericin-B As Control - An In-Vitro Study.

Introduction: -Oral candidiasis is an infection of oral cavity caused by an over growth of candida species. The proportions of yeast in the periodontal pockets are similar to some of periodontal bacteria, thus suggesting the possible role of Candida species in pathogenesis of periodontal pocket. The plant extract such as garlic and propolis, contain bioactive components which act against these organisms with no or less side effects than by the conventional antibiotics. Objectives: - To evaluate the efficacy of garlic and propolis extracts against candida albicans and compare it with Amphotericin-B as control at 3 different concentrations Methodology: - Subgingival plaque samples were collected and selectively cultivated for candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of propolis and garlic was assessed and compared with Amphotericin-B. Conclusion: Garlic extract can be used as a potent agent in the eradication of candida albicans in chronic periodontitis patient.

Different effects of heating and freezing treatments on the antioxidant properties of broccoli, cauliflower, garlic and onion. An experimental in vitro study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Vegetables have some beneficial effects on human health due to their antioxidant compounds, like polyphenols. Cooking leads to many physical and chemical changes to plant structure that can alter the phytochemical compounds of vegetables. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of heat treatment and freezing on the antioxidant properties of garlic, onion, broccoli and cauliflower. DESIGN AND SETTING: Experimental in vitro study in a university laboratory. METHODS: Fresh broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) were obtained from a local store. These vegetables were divided into three treatment groups: raw, heated and frozen. The heat treatment consisted of heating them in a drying oven at 150 °C for 20 minutes. The freezing treatment consisted of keeping them frozen at -20 °C until analysis. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and malondialdehyde levels of the vegetables were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, respectively. RESULTS: Heat treatment had deleterious effects on the antioxidant properties of onion and garlic; and it decreased the antioxidant activity of broccoli. Freezing improved the antioxidant activity of broccoli and garlic, but had detrimental effects for cauliflower and onion. CONCLUSIONS: Heat treatment and freezing exhibit different effects on the antioxidant properties of broccoli, cauliflower, garlic and onion. Convenient cooking and storage patterns should be identified for each vegetable, to obtain the best nutritional benefit from the antioxidant compounds of vegetables.

The effect of Allium sativum in experimental peritoneal adhesion model in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of garlic on formation of postoperative adhesions in rats. Methods: Twenty-four Sprague dawley rats were divided into three groups. In Group 1 (sham), laparotomy was performed and stitched up. In Group 2 (control), after laparotomy was performed, punctate hemorrhage was induced by cecal abrasion in the cecum and 2 cc of saline was intraperitoneally administered to each rat. In Group 3 (experimental), after laparotomy was performed, punctate hemorrhage was induced by cecal abrasion in the cecum and each rat was intraperitoneally administered a sterile Allium sativum derivative. The rats in all groups were re-laparotomized on postoperative day 7; samples were obtained from the peritoneal tissue surrounding the cecum Results: In Group 3, there was a statistically significant difference in terms of inflammation, lymph node size, and free oxygen radicals; these parameters tended to increase. In terms of fibrosis evaluated using H&E and MT, there was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3. Conclusions: No positive outcomes indicating that Allium sativum reduces intra-abdominal adhesions were obtained. However, it caused severe inflammation in the tissue. Additionally, in immunohistochemical analyses conducted to detect oxidative stress, allium sativum increased the production of free oxygen radicals in the tissue.